French colonial policy deliberately created an artificial intelligentsia aristocracy to rule by

Evidence

[But] chiefs must be the most solid pressure point of the lever with which we propose to elevate the masses. Their training must be furthered, but without the impatience of before … our action must necessarily adapt itself to the particular circumstances it encounters. And since there can be no question of democracy everywhere … it should first be given to the ruling class. Our efforts must be directed toward consolidating the traditional social armature, toward creating it wherever it does not exist, it is toward constituting an intelligent aristocracy that we must first apply our efforts. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 701

Categorization

• DEFINE: Explicitly defines association’s anti-democratic premise: rule through a manufactured native aristocracy rather than democracy.
• QUESTION: Carde says ‘creating it wherever it does not exist’ — how did French deliberately fabricate aristocratic structures in stateless societies?