Free-colored planters out-competed whites through family labor and long-term investment

Evidence

When they needed help on their plantations, they drew on extensive families rather than turning to paid employees. They invested for the long term, slowly building up their land holdings, while fortune-seeking whites often spent their money quickly only to find themselves in bankruptcy. — Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ The Story of…, 227

Categorization

• XREF: Echoes the frame of Naomi Lamoreaux-style economic history where long-horizon family firms outperform speculative entrants from the metropole.