France restricted immigrant workers via permits, identity cards, and expulsion threats

Evidence

Although outright coercion was not used, a variety of more subtle constraints limited the mobility of the foreign worker; these included identity cards, work permits that tied workers to specific jobs, and the threat of expulsion. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 1425

Categorization

• XREF: Mirror of controls later used on West African labor within the colonies — a comparison worth drawing for the reader’s project.