Forest encampments pre-dated Valck’s legal reinterpretation

Evidence

Valck’s misinterpretation of the ruling does not explain why Deli was overrun with clandestine forest encampments or who was in them, or, for that matter, the fact that many of them had been there for years prior to his arrival. — Ann Laura Stoler, Along the Archival Grain_ Epistemic…, 1093

Categorization

• QUESTION: Why were there such large roaming populations of unemployed men well before Valck’s lenient ruling? The question drives toward what actually produced the refuges.