For a media code to be rendered problematic four substitute mechanisms must hold

Evidence

We can suggest a few further prerequisites for making codes problematic in this way, even though there is very little directly relevant research available, namely: (1) sufficient security on the level of simple interaction systems in relation to the ability to continue the interaction; (2) temporary, satisfactory equivalents for code-functions in the structure and in the comprehension of the environment by interaction systems, e.g. convincing common situation-definitions in obvious crisis situations; (3) the availability of extra codes in the same medium which can take over part of the functions of the problematicized code-symbols and, in addition, can temporarily function as a substitute, e.g. reputation in conjunction with truth, informal power with formal power, family background and interconnected personal histories with love; and (4) the very complex assumptions about the ability to learn which allow the problematicized components of the code to be replaced by promptly available alternatives. — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 696

Categorization

• XREF: The idea of substitute codes (informal power with formal, reputation with truth) parallels Giddens’s facework as an available substitute when faceless commitment breaks down.