Filmic Muslims are rendered speechless like medieval monsters

Evidence

Much like medieval monsters, who were often described as incapable of human speech, Muslim characters in films often speak a non-language, such as jibberish. — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 1265

Categorization

• XREF: Directly links medieval monster taxonomy to modern film — this is the reader’s core thesis of continuity between theological and tribal-art Muslim-monster construction. Also connects to Chapter 12’s overall film analysis and the reader’s book purpose.
• DEFINE: Establishes ‘inability to speak’ as a defining marker of the monster category, bridging medieval and modern.