Fewer than 1 percent of caribou male contests escalate to battle

Evidence

Ibex have the longest horns of any ungulate, yet they, too, almost never fight. Males size one another up constantly, strutting and sometimes running side by side, and they spar. But smacking heads in full-blown battle is extremely rare. Caribou are similarly cautious. One study followed more than 11,600 male-male contests over two years; only six escalated into outright battle—less than one-twentieth of 1 percent. — Emlen, Douglas J, Animal Weapons_ The Evolution of Battle, 382 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Fewer than one in 1,900 caribou contests escalate to battle. — Emlen, Douglas J, Animal Weapons_ The Evolution of Battle, 382

Related

• Fewer than one in 1,900 caribou contests escalate to battle. (similarity 0.98)

Broader Connections

• Fewer than one in 1,900 caribou contests escalate to battle. #corroborates (0.85) — Emlen, Douglas J, Animal Weapons_ The Evolution of Battle, 382