Female professional competition unsettles male claims over the world

Evidence

The logic of sexual selection suggests that males do not view females as competitors, but rather as contested resources. This is true for both in-group and out-group females, as it is often the case that females from the out-group are incorporated into the victorious group after intergroup conflict (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996). — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1190 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

But the other consciousness has an opposing reciprocal claim: traveling, a local is shocked to realize that in neighboring countries locals view him as a foreigner; between villages, clans, nations, and classes there are wars, potlatches, agreements, treaties, and struggles that remove the absolute meaning from the idea of the Other and bring out its relativity; whether one likes it or not, individuals and groups have no choice but to recognize the reciprocity of their relation. How is it, then, that between the sexes this reciprocity has not been put forward, that one of the terms has been asserted as the only essential one, denying any relativity in regard to its correlative, defining the latter as pure alterity? Why do women not contest male sovereignty? No subject posits itself spontaneously and at once as the inessential from the outset; it is not the Other who, defining itself as Other, defines the One; the Other is posited as Other by the One positing itself as One. But in order for the Other not to turn into the One, the Other has to submit to this foreign point of view. Where does this submission in woman come from? — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 55 (#expands, via linked claim)

Attempts have been made to disguise this misfortune for a long time. Guardianship, for example, was eliminated: the woman was given “protectors,” and if they were endowed with the rights of the old guardians, it was in her best interest. Forbidding her to work and keeping her at home is intended to defend her against herself and ensure her happiness. We have seen the poetic veils used to hide the monotonous burdens she bears: housework and maternity; in exchange for her freedom she was given fallacious treasures of “femininity” as a gift. Balzac described this maneuver very well in advising a man to treat her as a slave while persuading her she is a queen. — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1972 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Males treat females as contested resources rather than competitors — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1190; Gender bias against women is paternalistic proprietorship, not competitor elimination — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1192; Women’s unique subordination rests on their failing to contest the One’s claim — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 55 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• Males treat females as contested resources rather than competitors #qualifies (0.75) — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1190
• Women’s unique subordination rests on their failing to contest the One’s claim #expands (0.75) — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 55
• Gender bias against women is paternalistic proprietorship, not competitor elimination #qualifies (0.72) — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1192
• Male protections disguised as benefits actually mask women’s subordination #corroborates (0.72) — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1972
• Men but not women increase in-group contributions when cues signal out-group competition #qualifies (0.72) — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1207