Fear is internal to the prayer act itself, not merely its motive.

Evidence

In addition to the space of the mosque lessons where the women learn to acquire virtuous fear, tape..recorded sermons that use the takhwif style are also widely popular among the women I worked with. Another crucial space for the inculcation and realization of virtuous fear is the ritual act of prayer (�alat) , and, as I mentioned earlier, weeping in prayer is an expression of virtuous fear as much as a means of its acquisition. Fear is, there.. fore, not only something that motivates one to pray but is also a necessary as.. pect of the act itself, an “adverbial virtue” that imparts to the act of prayer the specifi quality through which it becomes consummate. — Saba Mahmood, Politics of Piety, 1003

Categorization

• DEFINE: Introduces the striking notion of fear as an ‘adverbial virtue’ — a quality modifying the act rather than motivating it.
• DEEPTHINKING: The adverbial-virtue concept — emotion as constitutive of an act’s excellence rather than its cause — is a genuinely paradigm-shifting way to think about virtue ethics.
• XREF: Contrasts directly with Western instrumental views of emotion motivating action; connects to Aristotelian virtue-as-habituation debates.