Fascist state planning discredited the very concept of planning for socialist theorists.

Evidence

The concept that planning was possible had become ambiguous as a result of the fascist elements in the planned economy and state dirigism. Thus the one concept which Horkheimer had always used to describe a better society had been stolen from him. Instead, he used the concept of freedom, which was nevertheless tainted in its turn by `liberalism’, from his point of view. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 281

Categorization

• DEFINE: Marks the terminological pivot in Horkheimer’s late vocabulary from ‘planning’ to ‘freedom’ as the preferred name for a better society.
• XREF: Connects to the book’s earlier account of Pollock’s state-capitalism thesis, where organized capitalism turned planning into a tool of domination.