Facebook-facilitated disinformation had already disfigured elections across thirteen-plus countries before 2016.

Evidence

Information corruption has also been a continuous feature of the Facebook environment. The turmoil associated with the 2016 US and UK political disinformation campaigns on Facebook was a well-known problem that had disfigured elections and social discourse in Indonesia, the Philippines, Columbia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Chad, Uganda, Finland, Sweden, Holland, Estonia, and the Ukraine. — Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 1614

Categorization

• XREF: Supports the surveillance-capitalism understanding of platform complicity; connects to later chapter material on the reckoning era and to my existing knowledge about the 2016 campaigns being the merely-visible tip.