Exploitative colonial systems routinely produce nationalist independence movements

Evidence

The Dutch thereby achieved the same result: a strong national independence movement among the subject people. In the present study Dutch and Belgian imperialism are being neglected. The first is a curious and changing mixture of French and English methods; the second is the story not of the expansion of the Belgian nation or even the Belgian bourgeoisie, but of the expansion of the Belgian king personally, unchecked by any government, unconnected with any other institution. Both the Dutch and the Belgian forms of imperialism are atypical. The Netherlands did not expand during the eighties, but only consolidated and modernized their old possessions. The unequalled atrocities committed in the Belgian Congo, on the other hand, would offer too unfair an example for what was generally happening in overseas possessions. — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2198

Categorization

• QUESTION: Arendt treats assimilation and brutal exploitation alike as generating independence movements — worth chasing how she squares that causal claim.
• XREF: The mechanism that colonial exploitation breeds nationalism connects to the reader’s earlier work on the imagined community of the nation. — connects to: Southern megadams masked dependence and corruption beneath independence glamour — Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism…, 466; High-capacity states’ homogenization efforts paradoxically breed rival nationalist claims to self-determination — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 1021; Early independence victories in some republics encouraged broader bids that turned violent — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 1253 (+1 more)