Exclusive-dealing contracts can violate the law through practical effect, not only express words

Evidence

It concludes accordingly that the restrictive provisions of Respondent’s pump leases, when taken in conjunction with the provisions for substantially free use of the pumps and the requirement of a purchase from Respondent not less often than every 30 days, is a violation of Section 3 of the Clayton Act. — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process, 537

Categorization

• XREF: Extends the Volume 1-4 thread on how legal interpretation treats purpose-driven versus literal rule meaning across institutional roles. — connects to: Congress created the 1914 antitrust laws to override judicially invented purpose tests — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in…, 545