Every franchise expansion for whites was paired with curtailment for blacks.

Evidence

Everywhere, the movement that expanded the franchise for whites curtailed it for persons of color. The New York Constitutional Convention of 1821, which broadened the franchise, also introduced, for the first time, an explicit property qualification for black voters, and five years later, when the last serious barriers to white manhood suffrage were lifted, the discriminatory property qualification was retained. — Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White, 288

Categorization

• XREF: Establishes the twin-track dynamic that parallels the reader’s broader theory of category protection systems.