Even labor unions conceded a racial framing of immigration restriction by 1924.

Evidence

Even the American Federation of Labor, which at first was mildly critical of the discriminatory aspect of the House measure, ended by endorsing it as a way of maintaining America’s dominant racial characteristics; Gompers, for the first time in his long restrictionist fight, openly (though with a certain reluctance) embraced the idea that European immigration endangered America’s racial foundations. — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1933

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: By 1924 racial restrictionism had fully displaced economic arguments for restriction — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 1911; Labor opposition targeted employer-controlled immigration, not immigrants themselves — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 285

Broader Connections

• By 1924 racial restrictionism had fully displaced economic arguments for restriction #corroborates (0.85) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1911
• Labor opposition targeted employer-controlled immigration, not immigrants themselves #complicates (0.75) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 285