Europeans before 1099 had almost no direct contact with Muslims

Evidence

For most Europeans, Muslims were a distant reality before 1099. Only in the Iberian peninsula had there been any sustained contact with Islamic communities, and Islam itself, though it attracted attention from a few Western scholars, was barely understood in the West. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 190

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: European concern about Muslim women long exceeded any actual stake in them