European secular regulation frames Judaism and Islam as its central concerns.

Evidence

Why should the focus of concern in secular Europe from the Enlightenment to today be on the practices and beliefs of Jews and Muslims? Indeed, when Sikhs in France raised the question of whether their turbans were ‘cultural’ or ‘religious’ symbols under the terms of the new regulations, the official French spokesperson asked, in effect: Are there Sikhs in France? Indeed there are. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 873

Categorization

• SEED: The Sikh invisibility-to-state anecdote could seed an essay on how liberal pluralism gets mapped onto only a few recognizable religious categories.