European racism shifted from biology to cultural difference in the 1960s

Evidence

In the European context, cultural difference is the latest boundary of difference. In the course of the 1960s, racism gradually changed to the “new racism” that focuses on cultural difference instead of phenotypical differences. In the context of globalization with increasing communication, migration, and travel, and as societies became increasingly mixed, the older ideas of race and civilization became increasingly quaint. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 201

Categorization

• XREF: Directly echoes the ‘new racism’/‘cultural racism’ concept developed by Barker and by Étienne Balibar alongside Goldberg’s own Racial State work.