European nation-state influence pushed Ottoman minorities toward national identity models

Evidence

It is not surprising, therefore, that with the European encroachment into the Ottoman territories during the nineteenth century, and the prominence and perceived power of the European model of the nation-state, many of the ethnoreligious communities/ minorities moved towards a “national” identity model of social organization. The case of the Jewish millet presented the least difficulty, as ethnicity, religion, and community alreadv coincided. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 3472