Enslaved Muslims built America’s infrastructure yet still lack reparations

Evidence

Enslaved Muslims resisted the slave code and rebelled against slave masters before the United States was a sovereign nation. They built roads and railroads, cities and state buildings, without compensation. “After two hundred fifty years of slavery. Ninety years of Jim Crow. Sixty years of separate but equal,” they are still denied reparations. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 546

Categorization

• XREF: Grounds the historical depth argument from chapter 2’s naturalization-era analysis in the pre-national slave era, connecting to the reparations literature. — connects to: Tens of thousands of colonial slaves were Muslims; Muslim Americans contributed to building America despite persistent Islamophobia. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 535; Financial reparations fail to address embedded societal racism and ongoing exploitation — Stella Dadzie, A Kick in the Belly- Women, Slavery and…, 427 (+1 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 546

Broader Connections

• Muslims constituted 15 to 20 percent of enslaved Africans in America. #expands (0.60) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 169
• Financial reparations fail to address embedded societal racism and ongoing exploitation #complicates (0.45) — Stella Dadzie, A Kick in the Belly- Women, Slavery and…, 427