English gun sales to Morocco enabled the fall of the Songhay Empire in 1591

Evidence

The vessels of slave traders were cruising deeper and deeper into the heart of West Africa, especially after the Moroccans, armed with English guns, crushed the Songhay Empire in 1591. — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 87

Categorization

• XREF: A concrete armaments-driven causality that echoes the reader’s interest in how technology/trade reshapes power — parallels ‘Grafting & Growth’ and the infrastructure/agency-through-objects theme.
• SEED: Angle: how a single arms deal — English guns to Morocco — toppled an African empire and thereby opened West Africa to deeper slave raiding, a clean chain of unintended consequence.