Egyptian army discipline shifted from brutal force to abstract internalized controls

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• Egyptian officers were denied all military command and intelligence (similarity 0.87)
• Top Egyptian officials debated army structure, officer ratios, and ethnic composition in consultation. (similarity 0.84)
• Egypt deployed Sudan as an internal penal and exile site (similarity 0.83)
• The Egyptian army won the battle of Konia in December 1832. (similarity 0.83)
• Egyptian infantry replaced individual valor with drill-based unitary action (similarity 0.83)
• Eleven years of drilling produced the Egyptian army’s synchronized infantry tactics (similarity 0.83)
• Egyptian Urabist officers joined the Mahdi out of resentment against the khedive (similarity 0.82)
• Army performance depended on officer-men relations more than on Ibrahim’s leadership (similarity 0.82)
• Egyptian rulers exiled rivals to Sudan’s penal camps since Muhammad Ali (similarity 0.82)
• Egyptian army pay disparity between soldiers and officers dwarfed even the Ottoman’s extreme gap (similarity 0.82)
• Mehmed Ali first looked to Sudanese slaves rather than Egyptian peasants for his army (similarity 0.82)
• Egyptian nationalism paired aggression toward Sudan with defensiveness toward Britain. (similarity 0.82)
• Egyptian writers erased the Nubian-Sudanese distinction under one stereotype (similarity 0.82)
• The Egyptian army shifted from terror-based coercion to non-physical disciplinary methods (similarity 0.81)
• Egyptian army discipline adopted Foucault’s disciplinary power over retribution (similarity 0.81)