Egyptian adoption of European imperial models hardened the cultural boundary between Egypt and Sudan.

Evidence

Girard was correct, if a little vainglorious. Although the process took years to develop under Muhammad `Alï’s rule, Egyptians learned to translate definitions from French and other European texts and to appreciate a sense of belonging to a particular culture.They learned well the lessons of empire. And as they learned these lessons, they drew different maps of the Sudan, ones with a single, increasingly defined borderline around the two territories, even as they drew ever harsher distinctions between their cultures. — Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism_…, 288

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s project on shades of coloniality in Africa: here cultural hardening and border-drawing accompany territorial mapping, matching themes from mapmaking postcolonial scholarship.