Egypt faced a triangular colonial structure of Ottoman, British, and Mahdist pressures by 1882.

Evidence

This context shows how triangular colonialism became in Egypt by the end of the century. Egypt was simultaneously affected by its identity as the province of an increasingly weak Ottoman Empire, its own confrontation with the British occupation of 1882, and its loss of the Sudan to the superior strategy of the charismatic Mahdï. — Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism_…, 116

Categorization

• XREF: Directly serves the reader’s goal of mapping different shades of coloniality — Egypt was simultaneously Ottoman province, British-occupied, and Sudanese-colonizer, a three-way squeeze with no clean binary.
• DEEPTHINKING: ‘Triangular colonialism’ names a structural condition where a single polity is colonized by one power, colonizes another, and is nested in an older empire — a configuration that makes any single-axis account of coloniality collapse.