Early racism claims required proving countywide exclusion patterns

Evidence

The Swain court denied a petitioner’s appeal of his conviction, arguing that to prove the existence of racially biased peremptory challenges, defendants would need to demonstrate a pattern of minorities’ exclusion from juries across an entire county. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 884

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Since 1976 courts require proof of individual intent to find race discrimination — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental…, 326