Early Iberian Christians blamed their own traitors, not God, for the Arab conquest

Evidence

In a rapture of melodrama, the author puts the Goth’s fall to the Arabs on a par with history’s great disasters. Yet even if the sack of Saragossa is ordained by the “judgment of God” (iudicio Dei), the causes for the catastrophe seem not to be divine disfavor but rather the evil machinations of the Arab invaders and of a few bad apples among the Goths: not only Rodrigo but also Oppa, son of the evil king Egica. — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 477