Early anticolonial leaders’ geographic circuits produced a shared antiracist politics.

Evidence

In the triangulation of the Black Atlantic, Césaire and later Fanon, for example, left Martinique for Africa via Paris, and Fanon spent his dying days in New York; Du Bois circulated between Eastern US urban centers, Germany, Paris and London, and ultimately Ghana. After his legal education in London, Ghandi famously tested his commitment to non-violent resistance in British-ruled South Africa before unsettling colonial India as the principled voice for independence. These circuits of discursive and activist mobilization, multiplied through many biographies and the specificities of particular national sites and struggles, translated in turn into circles of interactive antiracist struggle. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 95

Categorization

• CANDY: Gandhi’s trajectory — London law degree, nonviolent experiments in South Africa, then India — makes a neat dinner-party story about how colonial mobility seeded liberation movements.
• XREF: The triangulation echoes Paul Gilroy’s ‘Black Atlantic’ — also connects to the biographical mobility-in-struggle pattern in Parable of the Sower. — connects to: American antiracists and anticolonial activists shared organized networks from 1911 onward. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 93; Anticolonial and civil-rights movements pursued complementary goals against overlapping racial structures — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 98