Each major revolution follows a different inherited ideological script

Evidence

Revolutions move to different scripts, and their actors assume different roles. The French Revolution, with its ideological background in the eighteenthcentury enlightenment, formulated its ideals as liberty, equality, fraternity. The Russian Revolution, with a background of nineteenth-century socialism, ex­ pressed its ideal as a classless state to be achieved through the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Iranian revolution expresses itself in the language of Islam, that is to say, as a religious movement with a religious leadership, a religiously formulated critique of the old order, and religiously expressed plans for the new. Muslim revolutionaries look to the birth of Islam as their model, and see them­ selves as engaged in a struggle against paganism, oppression, and empire. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 1468

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to Lewis’s broader framework of revolution as cultural script; also resonates with the earlier chapters on how movements borrow narrative templates. — connects to: Modern socialist revolution inverts the temporal structure of the French Revolution paradigm; Holding history against human essence yields a categorical demand for total revolution over reform — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 421; Millenarian movements formed a continuous utopian tradition of communal revolution. — Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology,…, 363 (+1 more)