Doll-test results depend on experimenter race and learning environment, not just damaged identity

Evidence

Many similar investigations followed the doll studies conducted in the 1940s. The collective findings suggest that choosing dolls of different colors may be an imprecise measure of racial identity or awareness. In general, they show a tendency toward within-race preferences that is importantly influenced by the race of the experimenter, whether a child is in a multicultural or desegregated learning environment, or has been involved in race-pride programs. Thus, the intropunitive defenses outlined by Allport and implied in the Brown decision have not withstood the test of time. — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 1062

Categorization

• XREF: Builds on Brown v. Board and the Clark doll studies; the claim that intropunitive defenses failed empirically is the opening challenge to the damaged-self-esteem premise that runs through the book.
• DEFINE: Introduces ‘intropunitive defenses’ as the term for internalizing stigma-based devaluation.