Disciplined musket fire decimated charging Mamluk cavalry at close range.

Evidence

I have never seen soldiers who charge with such valor, depending on nothing but the speed of their horses. They were descending like a torrent on our soldiers … [who] stood still waiting for them until they were only ten feet away and started firing at them and, in a twinkle of the eye, 150 Mamluks fell to the ground and the others fled. — Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed Ali, his…, 642