Defensive identity politics first arose from being refused identification within the majority nation

Evidence

Now one of the main reactions against the politics of racism in Britain was what I would call “Identity Politics One,” the first form of identity politics. It had to do with the constitution of some defensive collective identity against the practices of racist society. It had to do with the fact that people were being blocked out of and refused an identity and identification within the majority nation, having to find some other roots on which to stand. Because people have to find some ground, some place, some position on which to stand. Blocked out of any access to an English or British identity, people had to try to discover who they were. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 226

Categorization

• DEFINE: Hall explicitly defines ‘Identity Politics One’ as the defensive phase — a foundational term for the toolkit.
• XREF: Connects to the anti-racism / new social movements readings; the trope of being refused citizenship identity echoes in the Islamophobia literature on Muslim exclusion from national belonging.