Crusades-era xenophobia descended from ancient Greek intolerance of barbarians

Evidence

[X]enophobia and hysteria were compounded at the inception of the Crusades and it is a mistake to view them as an isolable phenomenon They were just one European activity. Fighting, robbing, killing, trading, making profits, taking rents or tributes, all these were closely linked to philosophical and theological analysis, to the composition of history and propaganda, and even to love of one’s neighbor. The Crusades renewed the idea that we need not do as we would be done by. They were also an expression of a much older history of suspicion… . The expectation of difference goes back to the cultural intolerance of “barbarians” which is one of the less useful legacies of Greece. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 501

Categorization

• DEFINE: Traces European xenophobia’s genealogy from Greek barbarian-distinction through the Crusades, defining it as a core element of Christian slavery.
• XREF: Connects to the reader’s existing interest in how racial/civilizational hierarchy ideologies form and persist across eras; echoes the Frankfurt School work on how civilizations rationalize domination.