Counting women’s employment misses households excluded by male-earner-designed welfare.

Evidence

The second new gender dimension argues that in addition to including the degree to which state policies encourage paid work for women one needs to extend the range of concern from individual men or women to the household and family. … In the traditional system, all monies and services to the family, wife/mother, and children, were funneled through the working father. — Gary Goertz, Social Science Concepts, 597

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the learned example that reformist inspectors accepted coercion if it benefited the colonized — both show policy design embedding an unstated beneficiary.
• SEED: Angle: why measuring women’s labor-force participation fails to capture welfare-state generosity, and how single-mother households expose it.