Convict-leasing revenue enriched state treasuries where most black Americans lived.

Evidence

Douglas Blackmon, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning book Slavery by Another Name, describes how “revenues from the neo-slavery poured the equivalent of tens of millions of dollars into the treasuries of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, and South Carolina where more than 75 percent of the black population in the United States then lived.” — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 278

Categorization

• XREF: The state-as-beneficiary point is central to the reparations-as-accounting case: governments themselves extracted the wealth, not just private actors.