Contrasting internal army dynamics explain Egyptian victories over Ottoman forces

Evidence

These apparent similarities, however, are misleading since they conceal far more important differences in the way both armies functioned – differences in the performances of both armies, and in particular of their respective officer corps, that account for most of the spectacular defeats of the Ottomans by Mehmed Ali’s army. — Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed Ali, his…, 1376

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s ongoing questions about why decentralized/insurgent forces defeat established empires — parallels discussions of the Ottoman-Saudi and Algerian conflicts.