Contested images of disliked groups persist in modern intellectual debate.

Evidence

The intelligent good faith which yet guided mediaeval opinion may be seen more clearly, if we reflect how little different are our attitudes to-day. The controversies which are now conducted by academic personalities and eminent men and women of outstanding culture are frequently based on the refusal to admit the same series of facts as a common basis for argument; moreover, people who have a particular dislike for some school of opinion or belief, or for a particular institution, or party, or sect, or church, or for all churches, or all parties, have their own versions of the beliefs they dislike, versions which the actual adherents of these doctrines are unable to accept or even to recognise as their own. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1381

Categorization

• XREF: Complements Aziz’s Racial Muslim and the vault’s treatment of Islamophobia as constructed versions of a faith that adherents cannot recognize as their own.