Contested causation is a second denial stage, after outright rejection

Evidence

The next stage of negation acknowledges that the earth may be warming, but we don’t know why it is happening and, besides, predictions are unreliable. The conceptual models are alleged to be faulty, global systems are inherently chaotic so they are unpredictable, and scientific consensus is really collusion. Critics claim further that there is no proof that carbon dioxide causes global warming, which they attribute to a host of natural causes, such as volcanic eruptions, water vapor, cosmic rays, solar cycles, ozone, and the sun (Cook, 2015). — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement, 2728

Categorization

• XREF: Stage 2 recycles the disputed-causation move from 2722, showing how codetermination feeds denial at each rung. — connects to: A later denial stage minimizes harm rather than disputing it — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm…, 2729
• SEED: The staged denial ladder maps onto stages of moral disengagement itself, worth an essay comparing environmental denial to harm-denial.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm…, 2728