Contact with diverse pilgrims drives the hajj’s tolerance effect.

Evidence

It is too early to know, but additional findings give us possible clues: hajj participation reduced local Pakistani practices and beliefs, such as the use of amulets and dowry, and increased “global” Islamic practices that transcend ethnic boundaries. Moreover, the effect on tolerance was strongest among pilgrims who reported interacting with non-Pakistanis during the hajj. — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 539

Categorization

• XREF: Directly relevant to the reader’s project: contact with out-group members driving tolerance mirrors the mechanisms in Allport’s contact hypothesis, and connects to how the fumi-e’s public spectacle works in the opposite direction—disrupting intergroup solidarity.