Congress creates all federal courts below the Supreme Court under Article III

Evidence

Although Article III of the federal Constitution establishes only the U.S. Supreme Court, it authorizes “such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” The courts that Congress creates under Article III of the Constitution are known as constitutional courts, or Article III courts; those it creates CHA PTER 2 T HE F ED ERA L AND STATE C OU RT SYSTEMS 25 under Article I are known as legislative courts, or Article I courts. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 223

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: The Constitution created only the Supreme Court and left lower courts to Congress — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 231; Federal court jurisdiction is bounded by Article III and statute — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 239; Congress defines federal court jurisdiction within constitutional limits — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 240 (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• The Constitution created only the Supreme Court and left lower courts to Congress #corroborates (0.98) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 231
• Congress created 94 federal district courts confined to single states. #exemplifies (0.95) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 332
• The Constitution left the federal courts’ structure to Congress by design #corroborates (0.93) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 277
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 fixed the federal courts’ three-level structure #exemplifies (0.92) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 349
• Congress eliminated the circuit courts and created the courts of appeals #exemplifies (0.90) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 456
• Congress defines federal court jurisdiction within constitutional limits #expands (0.85) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 240
• Congress grants federal courts concurrent and limited jurisdiction rather than full constitutional reach #expands (0.80) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 245
• Congress can confer exclusive jurisdiction on a specific federal court for disaster claims #exemplifies (0.80) — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process, 1935
• Federal court jurisdiction is bounded by Article III and statute #qualifies (0.78) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 239