Combined modes of production consistently correlate with racist social segmentation.

Evidence

Moreover, his analysis does also point to the way different modes of production can be combined within the same social formation, leading not only to regional specificity and unevenness but to differential modes of incorporating so-called “backward” sectors within the social regime of capital (for example, southern Italy within the Italian formation; the “Mediterranean” South within the more advanced “northern” sectors of industrial Europe; the “peasant” economies of the hinterland in Asian and Latin American societies on the path to dependent capitalist development; “colonial” enclaves within the development of metropolitan capitalist regimes; historically, slave societies as an integral aspect of primitive capitalist development of the metropolitan powers; “migrant” labor forces within domestic labor markets; “Bantustans” within so-called sophisticated capitalist economies, etc.). Theoretically, what needs to be noticed is the persistent way in which these specific, differentiated forms of “incorporation” have consistently been associated with the appearance of racist, ethnically segmentary, and other similar social features. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 137

Categorization

• XREF: The ‘combined and uneven development’ concept carries straight into Islamophobia readings on dependent capitalism and racialized migrant labor.