Colonial law codified the mixed generation’s exclusion from European status through marriage regulations.

Evidence

Accusations of racism and debates about discriminatory state practices increasingly exceeded official pronouncements and became less easily contained. Some of the new organizations remained loyal to Dutch rule as they spoke “on behalf” of the Indo poor (the Indischen Bond and the later Indo-Europeesch Verbond). Other associations took aim at other exclusions occluded in the public sphere but blatant in colonial law. Thus Soeria Soemirat boldly condemned the injustice of the new mixed-marriage regulations that so sharply codified disenfranchisement of the next mixed generation from European status, no matter what the nationality of the father. From those first decades in the 1900s through to the 1930s, new terms appeared—“racial hate” (rassenhaat); “racial difference” (rasverschil); racial feeling (rasgevoel). — Ann Laura Stoler, Along the Archival Grain_ Epistemic…, 1000

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to broader literature on mixed-race legal categorization in colonial empires — parallels the one-drop-rule literature and Stoler’s work on Dutch Indies racial governance.