Collaboration between native elites and colonial rulers began breaking down by the 1880s

Evidence

For a time the collaboration of native elites was sufficient for the imperialist and colonial authorities. At the peripheries of the world system where forms of coerced labor had obtained, peasantries existed in proximity to agrarian workers, unskilled workers to semi-skilled workers; labor reserves were directly and indirectly connected with those absorbed by the political instruments of authority: armies, militias, native police. By the last decades of the nineteenth century, however, social forces set loose by imperialist invasions, wars, occupations, administrations, and co-optations, were maturing. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 850

Categorization

• XREF: Sets up the structural conditions for the intelligentsia formation that this chapter names — connects to Robinson’s earlier argument in the book about racial capitalism’s contradictions.