Civilians recruit police power when intergroup contact feels threatening

Evidence

We propose that racial bias is spread through multiple channels, starting with the individual and moving toward entities with more influence and power (such as police officers and policymakers). We focus on the context of community enforcement of racial bias whereby civilians make use of law enforcement because they experience intergroup contact as threatening. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 265

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Civilians using state force because they experience outgroup presence as threat connects directly to manufactured-threat solidarities sustaining community enforcement, relevant to the reader’s policing-bias essay.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 265