Citizenship is the hardest pillar of state-making to create

Evidence

Broadly defined, the state encompasses four key pillars: leader, regime, administrative apparatus, and collective consciousness. My argument is that collective belonging in the form of citizenship is at the heart of state making and the most precarious and difficult to create; nonetheless, leadership is the piston that can transform a nation’s potential into real progress. — Abdi Ismail Samatar, Africa’s First Democrats, 83