Citizenship and humanity, though linked, are not the same status

Evidence

The anomalous position of African Americans was that they were neither the bearers of national rights nor of human rights. Malcolm X had told his audience that “Human rights are something you were born with.” However, African Americans were at once born American (with citizenship rights only in the United States), and they were human beings who happened to be black (to be a full human being in America one had to be white). One aspect of birth diminished the other, because citizenship and the status of being human, although connected, are not identical. — Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular, 699

Categorization

• QUESTION: Worth chasing: the claim that ‘to be a full human being in America one had to be white’ — what status did that render Black Americans if not full humans, and how did legal categories encode the gap?
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular:…, 699
• XREF: connects to: Modern civility treats the citizen as someone made, not born, through overcoming nature. — , Stephanie B. Martens - Civilization and…, 66; Planning for humanity in the mass differs fundamentally from planning for specific communities — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the…, 2058; Rights are exercised through group membership like citizenship, not universal humanity — Nyla R. Branscombe and Bertjan Doosje (eds.), Collective Guilt: International…, 2059 (+1 more)