Christians under Islamic rule wrote polemics as hostile as free Byzantine academics.

Evidence

This process began among the Greeks whom the Arab armies conquered when they occupied Syria, permanently as it proved, but probably not as the first generations of Greek-speaking Syrians under the Umayyads expected. The Oriental polemic tradition gradually divided; among the Christians living under Islamic rule there grew up an Arabic literature, which enjoyed periods of greater and less freedom and prosperity, and which was inclined to apocalyptic vision; and a Byzantine polemic developed which was freer to express its open hostility, but, at the same time, more academic. The ‘war psychosis’ of Christian writers was not, however, less among Christians who were living under Islamic rule; who were tolerated, but as inferior citizens; who were often excluded from the confidence of their rulers, and who were always at some disadvantage, if only through their perpetual uncertainty about the future. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 45

Categorization

• XREF: Contradicts the assumption that tolerance suppresses hatred — ‘war psychosis’ persisted among subordinate tolerated groups, parallel to resentment dynamics in stratified societies discussed in the sacrifice article.