Christians under Islamic rule bred hostility as intense as Byzantine polemicists’.

Evidence

Islamic rule there grew up an Arabic literature, which enjoyed periods of greater and less freedom and prosperity, and which was inclined to apocalyptic vision; and a Byzantine polemic developed which was freer to express its open hostility, but, at the same time, more academic. The ‘war psychosis’ of Christian writers was not, however, less among Christians who were living under Islamic rule; who were tolerated, but as inferior citizens; who were often excluded from the confidence of their rulers, and who were always at some disadvantage, if only through their perpetual uncertainty about the future. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 45

Categorization

• XREF: Nuances the vault’s picture: the most visceral anti-Muslim polemic emerged from subordinated Christian subjects under Islamic dominance, not from distant outsiders — a useful complication to Razack-style constitutive-outsider accounts.