Christian rulers replicated the dhimmi system on conquered Muslims

Evidence

Both Muslim and Christian rulers devised ways of dealing with religious minorities. … Christians in the Iberian Peninsula became subject to Muslim rule already in the eighth century. Muslims in Europe found themselves in a similar position beginning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries as Christians conquered Sicily and then ultimately the Iberian Peninsula. In most cases, Christian rulers created a status for Muslims similar to the standing of dhimmis in Muslim territories, including similar legal and religious freedoms. Muslims typically had the ability to practice their religion, but they could not have power over Christians in everyday life, and, like the dhimmis in Muslim lands, they faced severe restrictions in marrying or engaging in sexual relations with Christians. It was also common to pay a tax similar to the jizya, and in the case of the Norman conquest of Sicily in the eleventh century, Norman rulers actually continued to use the Arabic word for this tax. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 117

Categorization

• XREF: Symmetry between Muslim and Christian minority governance undermines the narrative that only Islam had ‘protected minorities’. — connects to: Dhimmi status traded acknowledged subjugation for real religious freedoms — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 113; The millet system allowed for each religious community within the city to have their own courts and religious hierarchy and educational systems. For example, for the Jews a chief haham was appointed, the Armenians were appointed a catholicos to lead them, and the Orthodox were appointed a patriarch who would administer that section’s affairs. All the religious leaders fell under the personal protection of the Sultan and no other part of the population or government could infringe upon them.; Patriarchy in Islam parallels a comparable history within Western Christianity. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 308

Broader Connections

• The millet system allowed for each religious community within the city to have their own courts and religious hierarchy and educational systems. For example, for the Jews a chief haham was… #expands (0.70)