Chinese eugenics discourse shifted from individual fitness toward racial competition between nations.

Evidence

Although eugenic legislation in itself does not inevitably entail the promotion of racial categories of analysis, since it focuses on the genetic fitness of individuals within a country rather than between population groups, some publications in demography none the less make claims about the “biological fitness” of the nation and herald the twenty-first century as an era to be dominated by “biological competition” between the “white race” and the “yellow race.” — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 3352

Categorization

• DEEPTHINKING: A sharp analytical distinction — eugenics on individuals need not be racial, yet demographic discourse rhetorically inflates it into civilizational race competition — worth sitting with.