Chicago’s black ghettos consolidated mainly through restrictive covenants.

Evidence

In 1910 there were no areas of Chicago where blacks were more than 61 percent of the population. By 1930 almost two-thirds of Blacks lived in concentrations of more than 90 percent. At that time three-quarters of all residential property in Chicago was covered by restrictive covenants. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2385

Categorization

• XREF: Directly relevant to the ADDENDUM ‘On Sacrifice’ series and to any writing on how legal instruments erect racial boundaries; also grounds the practical mechanics of segregation.